Figure 4 from Xing et al. (2025): Differences between the traditional and ensemble-mean removed methods (hereafter traditional-EM). (a) EOF1 and (b)) EOF2 spatial pattern; here differences are calculated between the ensemble mean of the traditional method applied to each ensemble member, and the ensemble mean of PDV calculated using the ensemble mean removed method. All calculations... Continue Reading →
Figure 1 from Yang et al. (2026): The two leading joint EOF modes and their PCs of North Atlantic SST and AMOC decadal variability. (a) Decadal SST anomalies regressed onto the AMVTEP. Decadal SST (b) and AMOC (d) anomalies regressed onto the PC1. In panels (c, e) Same as (b, d) but for the PC2. Stipplings in (a–e) denote... Continue Reading →
Fig. 2 from Aru et al. (2026): Partitioning of observed SAT trend patterns into external forcing and internal variability. (A) Total, (B) external forcing, and (C) internal variability observed SAT trend patterns for the most recent (D to F) 30-year (1993–2022) periods, respectively, by regressing observed local anomalies against the 1850–2022 MMLE GSAT time series. Hatched regions... Continue Reading →
Fig. 3 from Xue et al. (2025): Evidence of super El Niño-induced climate regime shifts (CRSs) across various regions and climatic variables. Time series of standardized anomalies for sea surface temperature (SST), surface air temperature (SAT), and surface soil moisture (Soil) across selected regions with respect to 1948–2022 climatology. The vertical black lines and blue... Continue Reading →
This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on several studies, including "The Role of Indonesian Throughflow in a Global Ocean GCM." by Hirst and Godfrey (1993), "The Indonesian Throughflow’s Effect on Global Climate Determined from the COLA Coupled Climate System" by Wajsowicz and Schneider (2001), "Effects of the Indonesian... Continue Reading →
Figure 1 from Guo et al. (2026): Heat and volume transports across the IX1 section and within Makassar Strait. a, b Heat (a) and volume (b) transports of the upper 700 m across the IX1 section, based on relative geostrophic currents estimated with observational data of ocean temperature and salinity. The grey shading represents the... Continue Reading →
Fig. 1 from Sheng et al. (2026): Trend of the summer NAJ in the reanalyses and DAMIP simulations during 1980–2019. (A) ERA5 (the fifth generation European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate) trend (in meters per second per decade) of the zonal wind at 250 hPa and at the... Continue Reading →
Fig. 13. from Bretones et al. (2022): Sketch summarizing the evolution of the deep mixing and the ArcMOC under the retreat of the sea ice edge. (a) During T0: 1970–80 there is deep convection on both sides of the Greenland–Scotland ridge. Both AMOC and ArcMOC are present, but the ArcMOC extent is limited by the... Continue Reading →
Figure 13 from Kim et al. (2026): Spatially averaged sea level changes (cm) from historical period (1993–2020) in (a) the northern Gulf of America, (b) West Florida shelf, (c) the South Atlantic Bight, (d) the Middle Atlantic Bight, and (e) the Gulf of Maine under the SSP-126 (blue bars), SSP-245 (cyan bars), SSP-370 (orange bars) and SSP-585 (red bars) simulations. The dynamic sea level changes are... Continue Reading →
This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Strengthening connections in observing the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Outcomes from a joint RAPID-OSNAP workshop" by Foukal et al. (2025). This article summarizes the findings of a collaborative workshop held in 2025 to harmonize the efforts of the RAPID and... Continue Reading →
Ocean to Climate 