A 330-Year Record of Ships’ Logbooks Reveal Strong Interplay Between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and East Atlantic (EA) patterns

The infographic was generated by Google Notebook. This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by Google Notebook, are based on “Examining the North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic Pattern, and Jet Variability since 1685” by Mellado-Cano et al. (2019). This research utilizes historical wind observations from the English Channel to reconstruct a 330-year record of the North... Continue Reading →

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Think Twice Before Using NAO Time Series in Your Next Climate Study

Figure 6 from Ender et al. (2026). EOFs 1 of monthly ERA5 sea level pressure over the North Atlantic (20°- 80°N, 90°W-0) for full record [(a); 1993–01 to 2023-12], Period 1 [(b); 1997–06 to 2001-10], and Period 2 [(c); 2004–02 to 2008-06]. Percent variance explained by each EOF is expressed in subplot titles. This blog... Continue Reading →

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Why the South Atlantic is Getting Saltier and Why It Matters for Our Climate

Figure 6 from Cui et al. (2026): (a) Linear trend of zonal wind stress (units: N m−2/decade) averaged over the period 1955–2014 from ERA5. The black solid line indicates the position of the Subtropical Front (STF) during 1955–1984, while the red dashed line represents the STF position during 1985–2014. The black polyline marks the location of... Continue Reading →

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Is Global Warming Changing the Pacific Ocean’s Natural Cycles?

Figure 4 from Xing et al. (2025): Differences between the traditional and ensemble-mean removed methods (hereafter traditional-EM). (a) EOF1 and (b)) EOF2 spatial pattern; here differences are calculated between the ensemble mean of the traditional method applied to each ensemble member, and the ensemble mean of PDV calculated using the ensemble mean removed method. All calculations... Continue Reading →

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SST Anomalies in the Tropical Eastern Pacific can dictate the climate of the North Atlantic a decade later

Figure 1 from Yang et al. (2026): The two leading joint EOF modes and their PCs of North Atlantic SST and AMOC decadal variability. (a) Decadal SST anomalies regressed onto the AMVTEP. Decadal SST (b) and AMOC (d) anomalies regressed onto the PC1. In panels (c, e) Same as (b, d) but for the PC2. Stipplings in (a–e) denote... Continue Reading →

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New Study Reveals Key Local Blind Spots in Climate Model Projections

Fig. 2 from Aru et al. (2026): Partitioning of observed SAT trend patterns into external forcing and internal variability. (A) Total, (B) external forcing, and (C) internal variability observed SAT trend patterns for the most recent (D to F) 30-year (1993–2022) periods, respectively, by regressing observed local anomalies against the 1850–2022 MMLE GSAT time series. Hatched regions... Continue Reading →

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How Super El Niño Could Shift the Planet into a New Climate Reality

Fig. 3 from Xue et al. (2025): Evidence of super El Niño-induced climate regime shifts (CRSs) across various regions and climatic variables. Time series of standardized anomalies for sea surface temperature (SST), surface air temperature (SAT), and surface soil moisture (Soil) across selected regions with respect to 1948–2022 climatology. The vertical black lines and blue... Continue Reading →

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What Happens to the Planet if the Indonesian Throughflow Stops?

This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on several studies, including "The Role of Indonesian Throughflow in a Global Ocean GCM." by Hirst and Godfrey (1993), "The Indonesian Throughflow’s Effect on Global Climate Determined from the COLA Coupled Climate System" by Wajsowicz and Schneider (2001), "Effects of the Indonesian... Continue Reading →

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Strengthening of the Indonesian Throughflow Accelerated Indian Ocean Warming Contrary to Climate Model Projections

Figure 1 from Guo et al. (2026): Heat and volume transports across the IX1 section and within Makassar Strait. a, b Heat (a) and volume (b) transports of the upper 700 m across the IX1 section, based on relative geostrophic currents estimated with observational data of ocean temperature and salinity. The grey shading represents the... Continue Reading →

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The warming hole has pushed the Atlantic summer jet stream southward

Fig. 1 from Sheng et al. (2026): Trend of the summer NAJ in the reanalyses and DAMIP simulations during 1980–2019. (A) ERA5 (the fifth generation European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate) trend (in meters per second per decade) of the zonal wind at 250 hPa and at the... Continue Reading →

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