Derived from Figure 2 in Xie et al. (2026). Observed and simulated 1982–2024 trends in equatorial ocean temperature. Linear trend of equatorial (2.5°S to 2.5°N mean) ocean temperature trends (°C/decade) in (A) OISST, (C) a CESM2-HIST member run with the strongest La Nina-like trend, and (D) the CESM2-HIST ensemble mean. Stippling indicates 90% confidence. The... Continue Reading →
This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on several studies, including "The Role of Indonesian Throughflow in a Global Ocean GCM." by Hirst and Godfrey (1993), "The Indonesian Throughflow’s Effect on Global Climate Determined from the COLA Coupled Climate System" by Wajsowicz and Schneider (2001), "Effects of the Indonesian... Continue Reading →
This blog post, created by NotebookLM, is based on “On the Atlantic extratropical-tropical teleconnection in response to external freshwater forcing” by Joshi an Zhang (2026). This research study utilizes a coupled climate model to investigate how a massive influx of freshwater in the North Atlantic triggers a chain reaction that shifts the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) southward. The authors demonstrate that... Continue Reading →
This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Impacts of AMOC Collapse on Monsoon Rainfall: A Multi‐Model Comparison” by Ben-Yami et al. (2024). Summary: Ben-Yami et al. (2024) analyzes how a potential collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) would drastically alter tropical monsoon rainfall patterns worldwide. By... Continue Reading →
This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on "State of the Science Fact Sheet: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)" by NOAA Science Council. This NOAA fact sheet briefly explains the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), defining it as a critical ocean current that transports heat, salt, and carbon by... Continue Reading →
This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast on a paper “Tropics-wide intraseasonal oscillations” by Bao et al. (2025) was created by NotebookLM. Deep Dive Podcast “Earth's Global Climate Heartbeat The TWISO Cycle” powered by NotebookLM: 1.0 Introduction: The Stable Tropics Aren't So Stable When we think about the climate of the tropics, we tend... Continue Reading →
The southwestern United States (US) and Northern Mexico experienced their longest stretch of record-breaking heat wave in the summer of 2023 from mid-June to early August, affecting over 100 million people, causing over 200 deaths, and $14.5 billion in economic loss. In Phoenix, Arizona, for example, the heat wave lasted for 31 days from 30... Continue Reading →
Atlantic Niña is a natural climate pattern characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean, appearing predominantly in June-August. It is considered the 'cold phase' of the Atlantic Zonal Mode, the leading mode of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability in June-August, similar to how La Niña is the cold phase... Continue Reading →
As the surface ocean warms and polar ice sheets melt due to increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, near-surface ocean stratification is increasing almost everywhere. In tropical and subtropical oceans, in particular, enhanced near-surface stratification inhibits the mixing between warmer surface water and cooler subsurface water, leading to a shallower surface mixed layer. In... Continue Reading →
There are many siblings, cousins, and distant relatives of El Niño spanning the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans who share a feature in common: ocean surface temperature anomalies along eastern boundaries linked to changes in the upwelling of cooler water from below. So far, climate scientists have identified a total of 14 members of this... Continue Reading →
Ocean to Climate 